A Ladder of Citizen Participation
Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4): 216-224, 1969
By: American Planning Association National
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01944366908977225
Report a broken linkSocial Equity
This article is a classic text that proposes a typology of citizen participation visualized on the rungs of a ladder, leading from manipulation to citizen control. It describes each level and the category it belongs to and lists some of the critiques of citizen control, though ultimately advocating for its pursuit.